Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has not been detected in the United States since 1929, but it remains a major concern for livestock producers due to its potential to disrupt animal movement, markets, and international trade. The FMD virus spreads quickly among cloven-hoofed animals such as cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and deer. Horses, dogs, and cats are not susceptible to the virus but can act as carriers.
Infected animals may develop fever and painful blisters or sores in the mouth and on hooves. Other signs include drooling, lameness, decreased appetite, and a drop in milk production. While rarely fatal in adult animals, FMD leads to significant economic losses due to reduced productivity. It does not pose a threat to human health or food safety.
The virus can spread through direct contact with infected saliva or manure; indirect contact via contaminated feed, clothing, vehicles or equipment; and aerosol transmission under certain conditions. The virus can survive for extended periods in animal tissues and the environment.
Early detection is crucial. Producers are urged to contact their veterinarian immediately if they suspect FMD. In Oregon, veterinarians must report suspected cases directly to the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) by calling 503-986-4711. Laboratory testing is required for confirmation.
To prevent FMD outbreaks and strengthen farm biosecurity:
– Limit visitors and vehicle traffic near animals.
– Quarantine new or returning animals before introducing them into main herds.
– Clean and disinfect all equipment regularly.
– Store feed securely away from wildlife.
– Train staff to recognize FMD symptoms.
Prompt reporting of any clinical signs is essential.
The ODA works with USDA-APHIS to monitor for FMD and train responders on emergency protocols. Although Oregon remains free of FMD, global travel increases risk of introduction. Maintaining strong biosecurity measures helps protect the state’s livestock industry.
Producers can prepare written biosecurity plans that meet state and federal standards with assistance from veterinarians or the ODA Animal Health Program. These plans help document animal movements and prepare for possible movement restrictions during an outbreak. Additional information is available through the Oregon Department of Agriculture’s Animal Health Program Secure Food Supply Webpages.
